海运术语 DEM、DET、DND 及免堆期、免箱期、免堆存期深度解析
在国际贸易的海运环节中，涉及众多专业术语，其中 DEM、DET、DND 以及免堆期、免箱期和免堆存期等概念，对于进出口企业和货代从业者至关重要。清晰理解这些术语，有助于企业合理规划物流成本，避免不必要的费用支出。
DEM（Demurrage - 滞箱费，Free Demurrage Period - 免堆期）
DEM 的时间计算从集装箱卸船落地码头那一刻开始，一直延续到货物完成报关手续并被提出码头为止。若在船公司规定的免费期（Free Demurrage）内完成提货，货主无需支付此费用。一旦超出免费期，船公司便会按照既定标准收取滞期费（Demurrage）。计算方式明确为卸船日（Day 0）至提走重箱日（含）。例如，某票货物于 7 月 1 日卸船，船公司给予的免堆期为 5 天，若货主在 7 月 6 日（含）前提走重箱，则无需支付滞箱费；若 7 月 7 日才提走重箱，那么从 7 月 7 日起，船公司将按天收取滞箱费。免堆期的时长由船公司决定，不同船公司、不同航线可能存在差异。像 MSC、COSCO 等大型船公司，在一些热门航线上，可能提供 7 天左右的免堆期。若超期未提箱，将产生滞港费，费用由船公司收取。
DET（Detention - 滞港费，Free Detention Period - 免箱期）
DET 是指货主提走集装箱后，可免费使用集装箱的时间，从提重箱开始计算。例如，7 月 8 日提走重箱，免箱期为 10 天，若在 7 月 18 日前未还空箱，则从 7 月 19 日起按日收取滞港费。同样，免箱期的时长也是由船公司决定。在实际业务中，一些船公司针对不同类型的集装箱，如普通干货箱、冷藏箱等，可能设定不同的免箱期。对于冷藏箱，由于其设备维护成本较高，免箱期可能相对较短。超期未还空箱，船公司将收取滞港费，这会直接增加企业的物流成本。
D&D / DND（Demurrage & Detention，滞箱和滞港费）
在实际业务中，船公司或货代常使用 “D&D” 或 “DND” 来概括所有与集装箱使用时间相关的滞期费用，其中也包含一共可以免费的天数。例如，船公司报价为 “10DND”，即表示免堆期和免箱期合起来为 10 天，不做区分。在这种情况下，从集装箱卸船到空箱返回码头的整个过程中，只要总时长不超过 10 天，就无需支付额外的滞期费用；若超过 10 天，则船公司会按照相应标准收取滞箱和滞港费。
免堆存期（Free Storage Period）
免堆存期是码头允许集装箱免费存放在港区内的时间，不过这主要是针对码头向船公司收取的费用，与货主无直接关系，是码头与船公司之间的协议内容。通常情况下，免堆存期比免堆期更短，码头为了加速自身的周转效率，会设定相对紧凑的免费存放时间。以吉布提港为例，其免堆存期通常为 5 天。若超期，码头将向船公司收取堆存费（Storage），而船公司有可能将这笔费用转嫁给货主。需要注意的是，若船公司已提前支付了堆存费给码头，可能会通过向货主收取 Demurrage 的方式进行追偿，所以企业在核对费用明细时务必仔细，避免重复付费。
案例分析
假设雅加达某外贸企业 A 从我国进口一批货物，通过海运方式运输。订舱时船公司提供了目的港免费箱使的三种选择：
- 第一种：10DEM + 8DET，即 10 天免堆期 + 8 天免箱期；
- 第二种：7DEM + 14DET，即 7 天免堆期 + 14 天免箱期；
- 第三种：10DND，免堆期和免箱期合起来 10 天，不做区分。
这批货物运输路程一共需要 6 天，且卸货过程由于涉及拆卸安装，较为复杂，预计需要 5 天。对于企业 A 而言，若选择第一种方案，货物到港后，免堆期 10 天内完成清关提货没有问题，但后续免箱期只有 8 天，考虑到卸货复杂需要 5 天，可能存在还箱超期风险。选择第二种方案，7 天免堆期能满足清关提货，14 天免箱期也足够完成卸货和还箱，综合来看最符合 A 公司情况。若选择第三种方案，虽然免堆期和免箱期总共 10 天，但不做区分，按照货物运输和卸货时间计算，很可能会产生滞期费用。
In-depth Analysis of Shipping Terms DEM, DET, DND, and Free Storage Period, Free Container Period, Free Stacking Period
In the maritime transportation 环节 of international trade, there are numerous professional terms. Among them, concepts such as DEM, DET, DND, as well as free storage period, free container period, and free stacking period are of crucial importance to import and export enterprises and freight forwarding practitioners. A clear understanding of these terms helps enterprises reasonably plan logistics costs and avoid unnecessary expenses.
DEM (Demurrage - Container Detention Charge, Free Demurrage Period - Free Storage Period)
The time calculation of DEM starts from the moment the container is unloaded from the ship and landed at the terminal, and continues until the goods complete customs declaration procedures and are picked up from the terminal. If the goods are picked up within the free period (Free Demurrage) specified by the shipping company, the cargo owner does not need to pay this fee. Once the free period is exceeded, the shipping company will charge demurrage according to the established standards. The calculation method is clearly from the unloading date (Day 0) to the date when the full container is picked up (inclusive). For example, a shipment is unloaded on July 1st, and the shipping company provides a 5-day free storage period. If the cargo owner picks up the full container on or before July 6th, no container detention fee is required; if the full container is picked up on July 7th, the shipping company will charge demurrage on a daily basis starting from July 7th. The duration of the free storage period is determined by the shipping company, and there may be differences between different shipping companies and different routes. Large shipping companies such as MSC and COSCO may provide a free storage period of about 7 days on some popular routes. If the container is not picked up after the expiration date, port detention fees will be incurred, which are charged by the shipping company.
DET (Detention - Port Detention Charge, Free Detention Period - Free Container Period)
DET refers to the time during which the cargo owner can use the container for free after picking up the container, calculated from the time of picking up the full container. For example, if a full container is picked up on July 8th and the free container period is 10 days, if the empty container is not returned before July 18th, port detention fees will be charged on a daily basis starting from July 19th. Similarly, the duration of the free container period is determined by the shipping company. In actual business, some shipping companies may set different free container periods for different types of containers, such as ordinary dry cargo containers and refrigerated containers. For refrigerated containers, due to their high equipment maintenance costs, the free container period may be relatively shorter. Failure to return the empty container after the expiration date will result in port detention fees charged by the shipping company, which will directly increase the logistics costs of the enterprise.
D&D / DND (Demurrage & Detention, Container Detention and Port Detention Charges)
In actual business, shipping companies or freight forwarders often use "D&D" or "DND" to summarize all detention-related fees related to the container usage time, which also includes the total number of free days. For example, if the shipping company's quotation is "10DND", it means that the total free storage period and free container period is 10 days, without distinction. In this case, as long as the total time from the container being unloaded to the empty container being returned to the terminal does not exceed 10 days, no additional detention fees are required; if it exceeds 10 days, the shipping company will charge container detention and port detention fees according to the corresponding standards.
Free Stacking Period (Free Storage Period)
The free stacking period is the time during which the terminal allows containers to be stored in the port area for free. However, this is mainly a fee charged by the terminal to the shipping company and has no direct relationship with the cargo owner. It is the content of the agreement between the terminal and the shipping company. Usually, the free stacking period is shorter than the free storage period. In order to accelerate its own turnover efficiency, the terminal will set a relatively tight free storage time. Taking Djibouti Port as an example, its free stacking period is usually 5 days. If it is overdue, the terminal will charge storage fees to the shipping company, and the shipping company may pass this fee on to the cargo owner. It should be noted that if the shipping company has paid the storage fee to the terminal in advance, it may recover it by charging Demurrage to the cargo owner. Therefore, enterprises must carefully check the fee details to avoid duplicate payments.
Case Analysis
Suppose a foreign trade enterprise A in Jakarta imports a batch of goods from China by sea. When booking the space, the shipping company provides three options for free container usage at the destination port:
- First option: 10DEM + 8DET, i.e., 10-day free storage period + 8-day free container period;
- Second option: 7DEM + 14DET, i.e., 7-day free storage period + 14-day free container period;
- Third option: 10DND, the total of free storage period and free container period is 10 days, without distinction.
The total transportation distance of this batch of goods is 6 days, and the unloading process is relatively complicated due to the need for disassembly and installation, which is expected to take 5 days. For enterprise A, if the first option is chosen, after the goods arrive at the port, there is no problem in completing customs clearance and picking up the goods within the 10-day free storage period, but the subsequent free container period is only 8 days. Considering that the complicated unloading takes 5 days, there may be a risk of overdue container return. Choosing the second option, the 7-day free storage period can meet the needs of customs clearance and goods pickup, and the 14-day free container period is also sufficient for unloading and returning the container. Comprehensive consideration, it is the most suitable for company A. If the third option is chosen, although the total free storage period and free container period is 10 days, there is no distinction. According to the calculation of the transportation and unloading time of the goods, detention fees are likely to be incurred.
